Least marginal environmental impact rule for reservoir development
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چکیده
The needs of reservoirs grow with population, standard of living, urbanization in the form of water supply, flood control, hydroelectric generation, navigation, recreation etc. Their development inevitably involves a substantial degree of environmental impact. The impact of reservoirs, on an average, increases in an exponential way with their size. If the marginal net benefit were assessed at the margin of the capacity, many giant reservoirs for primarily hydroelectric purpose would not be justified when the negative environmental impacts are counted. The reservoir size should not exceed the size whose marginal negative environmental impact becomes more than that of any alternative means elsewhere that can provide the same level of incremental gain in the global objectives. This is called the least marginal environmental impact rule. In order to make such a rule operational, many alternative means should be made available diat can be sought along a holistic approach to water problems, that is, integrated water resources management, where a reservoir is only one of many options to be chosen. La règle du moindre impact marginal appliquée à l'aménagement de réservoirs Résumé Le besoin de réservoirs s'accroît avec la population, le niveau de vie, l'urbanisation en raison de l'alimentation en eau, la lutte contre les inondations, l'hydroélectricité, la navigation, les loisirs etc. La création de réservoirs s'accompagne inévitablement d'impacts environnementaux significatifs. En moyenne, l'impact des réservoirs augmente exponentiellement avec leur taille. Si l'on avait évalué le bénéfice marginal net de leur dernière unité de volume en incluant les impacts environnementaux négatifs, de nombreux réservoirs géants prioritairement destinés à la production hydroélectrique n'auraient pas été justifiés. La taille d'un réservoir ne doit pas excéder celle dont l'impact environnemental marginal est plus grand que celui de n'importe quel autre projet procurant le même gain supplémentaire du point de vue des objectifs principaux. C'est ce qu'on appelle la règle du moindre impact marginal. Pour que cette règle devienne opérationnelle de nombreuses options d'aménagement devraient être disponibles, options à rechercher dans l'esprit d'une approche globale des problèmes de l'eau, d'un aménagement intégré des ressources en eau, où le réservoir n'est que l'une des nombreuses possibilités parmi lesquelles s'effectuent les choix.
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تاریخ انتشار 1997